In the realm of biological research, the study of membrane proteins has long been a formidable challenge due to their intricate nature and crucial role in various cellular processes. These proteins, embedded within the lipid bilayer, play pivotal roles in cellular communication, transport, and signaling. However, the very same lipid environment that grants them their…

The particle size, concentration, and Zeta potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial parameters reflecting their biophysical characteristics and biological functions. The size of EVs depends on the originating cells, carriers, and biogenesis pathways, ranging in diameter from 30nm to 150nm. The concentration of EVs varies from a few to thousands per milliliter, depending on…